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return stroke drive

  • 1 привод обратного хода

    Русско-английский исловарь по машиностроению и автоматизации производства > привод обратного хода

  • 2 привод обратного хода

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > привод обратного хода

  • 3 привод обратного хода

    1) Engineering: return stroke drive
    2) Automation: return-stroke drive

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > привод обратного хода

  • 4 обратный ход

    1) General subject: back run, countermove, reversal, reverse
    2) Aviation: back stroke (поршня), back throw, recovery stroke (амортстойки шасси), stroke reversal
    3) Naval: feedback run
    4) Military: back tracking, (поршня) return of stroke
    5) Engineering: back drive, backdrive, backward running, flyback (луча), inversion, kickback, out stroke, outstroke, rebound, rebound stroke, recoil (пружины), retrace stroke (развёртки), retracing, return, return trace (луча), reverse motion, reverse trace (луча), withdrawal (траверсы или бабы молота)
    7) Mathematics: counter motion
    9) Automobile industry: back stroke, backward motion, rebound (рессоры), rebound travel, retract
    11) Cinema: running in reverse
    12) Forestry: upstroke
    13) Metallurgy: astern running, backing run
    14) Jargon: switcheroo
    15) Information technology: back swing (напр. луча), reverse trace (прослеживания ошибки)
    17) Astronautics: playback
    19) Advertising: back haul, backswing
    21) Automation: back( ward) stroke, backstroke, backward run, idle stroke, rearward stroke, return movement, returning movement, reverse movement
    24) Makarov: back drive (напр. плёнки), backspacing (каретки клавиатуры), backsubstitution (при решении систем линейных ур-ний методами типа Гаусса), backward swing, flyback (развёртки), rearward motion, recoil (напр. пружины), retrace motion of the sweep (развёртки), retrace of the sweep (развёртки), retral swing, revers running

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > обратный ход

  • 5 ход

    course, ( доменной печи) drive, driving, excursion, computation line геод., line, ( механизма) move, movement, ( шагающих балок) pitch метал., run, process, route, running, stroke, (напр. поршня) throw, trace, tracing, traverse, way
    * * *
    ход м.
    1. ( движение) motion, move, movement
    во вре́мя хо́да су́дна — while the ship is underway
    на ходу́ (напр. регулировать) — (e. g., adjust) on the go
    свои́м хо́дом (о судне, автомобиле и т. п.) — under its own power
    2. ( перемещение механизма) throw, travel; (поршня, ползуна) stroke; ( резьбы) lead
    3. (работа, эксплуатация) operation, service, action
    пуска́ть в ход — put into operation, put into service, put into action
    рабо́тать на холосто́м ходу́ — idle, run idle, run without load
    содержа́ть на ходу́ (напр. машины и т. п.) — keep (e. g., machines, etc.) in operation [in service, on the go]
    5. (развитие чего-л.) progress, course
    6. ( скорость) rate, speed
    7. (место, через которое проходят) passage; ( вход) entrance, entry
    8. (изменение или характер изменения какой-л. физической величины, как правило, в зависимости от другой) behaviour, change, dependence, variation
    9. геод., топ. computation course, computation line, route, traverse
    10. (вид движения в транспортных средствах; существует только в сочетаниях с определяющими словами):
    на гу́сеничном ходу́ — on tracks, tracked, track-laying
    на колё́сном ходу́ — on wheels, wheeled
    азимута́льный ход — azimuth(al) motion
    ход амортиза́тора — travel
    при хо́де растяже́ния амортиза́тора — during extension …
    при хо́де сжа́тия амортиза́тора — during contraction …
    ход бата́на текст. — path of lay, stroke of lathe
    ход без толчко́в — smooth motion
    бесшу́мный ход — silent [noiseless] running
    ход вверх — upstroke, upward [ascending] stroke
    ход вниз — downstroke, downward [inward, descending] stroke
    ход впу́ска двс. — suction [admission, intake, charging] stroke
    временно́й ход — time dependence, time variation, variation (of smth.) with time
    ход вса́сывания двс. — suction [admission, charging, intake] stroke
    ход вы́пуска двс. — outstroke, exhaust stroke
    высо́тный ход физ. — altitude curve, height dependence, altitudinal variations
    двойно́й ход — double stroke
    ход до́менной пе́чи — run [operation] of a blast furnace
    ход зави́симости — variation, dependence
    ход зави́симости, напр. x от y — plot of x as a function of y, behaviour of x with (variations in) y, variations in x with y
    за́дний ход — reverse movement; reverse [backward] running; ж.-д. moving back, return motion; (поршня, ползуна) back stroke
    за́мкнутый ход геод. — closed circuit
    зо́льный ход кож. — line round
    ход каре́тки
    1. вчт. carriage movement
    2. текст. pitch of the coil
    ход конта́ктов — contact travel
    ход криво́й — ( имеется в виду кривая как таковая) trend [shape, run] of a curve; (имеется в виду какая-л. физическая величина, представленная кривой):
    ход криво́й ано́дного то́ка в зави́симости от се́точного напряже́ния пока́зывает, что … — a plot of anode current against grid voltage shows that …, the manner in which anode current varies with grid voltage shows that …, the behaviour of anode current with (variations in) grid voltage shows that …
    лесоспла́вный ход — floating route
    ли́тниковый ход — sprue
    ход луча́ опт. — ray path (length)
    стро́ить ход луча́ — set up [trace] a ray
    магистра́льный ход геод. — main [primary, principal] traverse
    ма́лый ход мор. — low [slow] speed
    ход маши́ны — machine running
    мё́ртвый ход ( зазор в механизме) — backlash, lost motion, play, free travel, slack
    ход нагнета́ния двс. — pressure stroke
    неравноме́рный ход — irregular [discontinuous, uneven] running
    нивели́рный ход — line of levels, level(ling) line
    обра́тный ход — reverse [return] motion; reverse [backward] running; back stroke
    одина́рный ход — single stroke
    ход педа́ли авто — pedal stroke, pedal travel
    ход педа́ли сцепле́ния, свобо́дный — clutch pedal clearance, free travel of the clutch pedal
    пере́дний ход — forward motion; forward running; мор. advancing, aheading
    перекидно́й ход ( коксовой печи) — cross-over flue
    ход пе́чи — run [operation, working] of a furnace
    расстро́ить ход пе́чи — disturb [upset] the operation of a furnace
    ход пе́чи, горя́чий — hot run of a furnace
    ход пе́чи, неро́вный — erratic [irregular] operation of a furnace
    ход пе́чи, расстро́енный — disturbed operation of a furnace
    ход пе́чи, ро́вный — smooth [regular] operation of a furnace
    ход пе́чи, сты́лый — cold working of a furnace
    ход пе́чи, ти́хий — slow run [slow operation] of a furnace
    ход пе́чи, холо́дный — cold run of a furnace
    ход пилообра́зного напряже́ния элк. — stroke of a sawtooth voltage
    ход пилообра́зного напряже́ния, обра́тный элк. — return stroke of a sawtooth voltage
    ход пилообра́зного напряже́ния, прямо́й элк. — forward stroke of a sawtooth voltage
    ход пилообра́зного напряже́ния, рабо́чий элк. — working stroke of a sawtooth voltage
    ход пла́вки — progress of a heat
    пла́вный ход — smooth running
    ход плу́га — plough travel, plough draught
    ход подве́ски — suspension movement
    полигонометри́ческий ход — traverse, polygon(al) [polygonometric] traverse, polygonal course
    по́лный ход мор. — full speed
    рабо́чий ход двс. — working [power] stroke
    ход развё́ртки (осциллоскопа, индикатора и т. п) — sweep motion
    ход (развё́ртки), обра́тный — retrace (motion) of the sweep, flyback
    ход (развё́ртки), прямо́й — forward motion of the sweep, active phase of the sweep scan
    ход расшире́ния — двс. expansion [working, combustion, firing] stroke; ( амортизатора) extension
    са́мый ма́лый ход мор. — dead slow speed
    са́мый по́лный ход мор. — flank speed
    свобо́дный ход — free (easy) running, free travel; free wheeling
    ход сжа́тия — compression [pressure] stroke; ( рессоры или пружины) bump stroke; ( амортизатора) contraction
    споко́йный ход — smooth [quiet] running
    сре́дний ход мор. — half [moderate] speed
    су́точный ход — day [diurnal] variation
    су́точный ход магни́тного склоне́ния — diurnal changes in magnetic variatics
    теодоли́тный ход — field [theodolite] traverse
    то́почный ход — (furnace) flue
    холосто́й ход — idle [free, light, loose, no-load] running, idle [no-load] stroke
    при холосто́м хо́де эл. — at no-load
    ход часо́в — daily rate (of a time niece)
    ход часо́в, отрица́тельный — rate of losing
    ход часо́в, положи́тельный — rate of gaining
    часто́тный ход (какой-л. физической величины) — variations with frequency
    перепа́д мо́щности определя́ется часто́тным хо́дом перехо́дного ослабле́ния ответви́теля — the change in power is determined by variations in the dynamic attenuation of the coupler with frequency
    часто́тный ход оши́бки — the difference in error between the limiting frequencies
    часто́тный ход усиле́ния — plot of gain as a function of frequency, frequency dependence of gain, variations in gain with frequency
    шу́мный ход — noisy running
    ход электро́нного луча́, обра́тный — flyback, return trace, retrace
    гаси́ть обра́тный ход электро́нного луча́ — eliminate [suppress, blank] the flyback [return trace, retrace]
    ход электро́нного луча́, обра́тный по вертика́ли — vertical flyback
    ход электро́нного луча́, обра́тный по горизонта́ли — horizontal flyback
    ход электро́нного луча́, обра́тный по ка́дру — frame flyback
    ход электро́нного луча́, обра́тный по строке́ — line flyback
    ход я́коря — armature travel

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > ход

  • 6 обратный ход

    (напр. пленки) back drive, ( луча) flyback, backward motion, return motion, reverse motion, rebound, ( пружины) recoil, retrace, retracing, return, reversal, reverse, back stroke, out stroke, ( развертки) retrace stroke, return [reverse] trace, ( траверсы или бабы молота) withdrawal
    * * *

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > обратный ход

  • 7 ataque

    m.
    1 attack (acometida).
    ¡al ataque! charge!
    ataque aéreo air raid
    ataque preventivo pre-emptive strike
    2 attack (sport).
    3 attack.
    lanzó duros ataques contra el presidente she launched several harsh attacks on the president
    4 fit (acceso).
    le dio un ataque de risa he had a fit of the giggles
    ataque cardíaco o al corazón heart attack
    ataque epiléptico epileptic fit
    ataque de nervios attack of nerves
    ataque de pánico panic attack
    5 stroke.
    6 sudden start, pounce.
    7 bout, sudden spell of sickness, crisis.
    8 breakdown.
    pres.subj.
    1st person singular (yo) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: atacar.
    * * *
    1 attack
    2 MEDICINA fit
    \
    ataque aéreo air raid
    ataque de nervios nervous breakdown
    * * *
    noun m.
    - ataque de nervios
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Mil) attack

    un ataque a o contra algo/algn — an attack on sth/sb

    ¡al ataque! — charge!

    ataque aéreo — air raid, air strike

    ataque a superficie — ground attack, ground strike

    2) (Med) attack

    ataque al corazón, ataque cardíaco — heart attack

    ataque cerebral — brain haemorrhage o (EEUU) hemorrhage

    3) (=arranque) fit

    me entró o dio un ataque de risa — I got a fit of the giggles

    cuando se entere le da un ataque — * she'll have a fit when she finds out *

    4) (=crítica) attack

    ataque a o contra algo/algn — attack on sth/sb

    un duro ataque a o contra la ley electoral — a fierce attack on the electoral law

    5) (Dep) attack
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Dep, Mil) attack
    b) ( verbal) attack

    lanzó un duro ataque contra el gobierno — he launched a sharp o fierce attack on the government

    2) ( acceso) fit

    un ataque de celos/ira — a fit of jealousy/rage

    •
    * * *
    = attack, craze, outbreak, onslaught, gust, assault, bashing, burst, fulmination, swipe.
    Ex. The incentive to make library services more relevant to the community became increasingly urgent from the mid-seventies as the attacks on local government finance gathered momentum.
    Ex. The interest is not really in the craze itself but in the intense, socially binding effect it has on the individuals in the group.
    Ex. This article describes how a sporadic outbreak of mould in this section of the collection was treated with a special cleaning machine.
    Ex. Without language we would go bumping around in the dark and eventually take leave of our senses under the welter of the incomprehensible, withdrawing, as some people do, into a closed world in order to protect ourselves against the unbearable onslaught.
    Ex. His sudden gust of audacity was quickly extinguished by her words and by her glance.
    Ex. Crimes against the person include homicide, rape, assault and robbery.
    Ex. The persistent 'U.S. bashing' that goes on here is, however, imprecise and tiresome after a while.
    Ex. Fueled by inspiration, coffee and Benzedrine, Kerouac sat down at his typewriter and -- in one burst of creative energy -- wrote the novel that would make him the voice of his generation in just 20 days.
    Ex. Cobbe was the primary target of John Ruskin's well-known fulmination against women who meddle with theology in his book 'Sesame and Lilies'.
    Ex. In fact it is an exaltation of the Kyoto protocol and a thinly disguised swipe at those countries who have not signed up.
    ----
    * ataque aéreo = raid, air raid, air strike, blitz.
    * ataque al corazón = heart attack.
    * ataque brutal = vicious attack, brutal attack.
    * ataque con mortero = mortar fire.
    * ataque contra la seguridad = security attack.
    * ataque de ansiedad = panic attack, anxiety attack.
    * ataque de asma = asthma attack.
    * ataque de cólera = fit of rage, fit of anger.
    * ataque de desarticulación = spoiling attack.
    * ataque de + Enfermedad = bout of + Enfermedad.
    * ataque de furia = fit of rage, fit of anger.
    * ataque de histeria = attack of hysterics.
    * ataque de nervios = nervous breakdown, attack of hysterics.
    * ataque de + Nombre = fit of + Nombre.
    * ataque de pánico = panic attack.
    * ataque de risa = fit of laughter.
    * ataque de tos = coughing fit.
    * ataque epiléptico = stroke, epileptic seizure, epileptic fit.
    * ataque epilético = seizure.
    * ataque matutino = dawn raid.
    * ataque nuclear = nuclear attack.
    * ataque por sorpresa = surprise attack.
    * ataque preventivo = preemptive strike.
    * ataque relámpago = hit-and-run attack.
    * ataques = slings and arrows.
    * ataques de = fevers of, fevers of.
    * ataques de cólera = flaming.
    * ataque siquiátrico = psychiatric episode.
    * ataque sorpresa = surprise attack, sneak attack.
    * ataque terrorista = terror attack.
    * ataque violento = paroxysm.
    * ataque virulento = blistering attack.
    * ciberataque = cyberattack.
    * dar un ataque de nervios = have + an attack of hysterics.
    * defenderse de ataques = ward off + attacks.
    * el ataque es la mejor defensa = attack is the best form of defence.
    * liderar el ataque = lead + the charge.
    * preparar un ataque = mount + attack.
    * provocar un ataque = provoke + attack.
    * sobrevivir un ataque = survive + attack.
    * soportar un ataque = suffer + attack.
    * sufrir un ataque = be under attack, be under assault.
    * un ataque de = an access of, a shock of.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Dep, Mil) attack
    b) ( verbal) attack

    lanzó un duro ataque contra el gobierno — he launched a sharp o fierce attack on the government

    2) ( acceso) fit

    un ataque de celos/ira — a fit of jealousy/rage

    •
    * * *
    = attack, craze, outbreak, onslaught, gust, assault, bashing, burst, fulmination, swipe.

    Ex: The incentive to make library services more relevant to the community became increasingly urgent from the mid-seventies as the attacks on local government finance gathered momentum.

    Ex: The interest is not really in the craze itself but in the intense, socially binding effect it has on the individuals in the group.
    Ex: This article describes how a sporadic outbreak of mould in this section of the collection was treated with a special cleaning machine.
    Ex: Without language we would go bumping around in the dark and eventually take leave of our senses under the welter of the incomprehensible, withdrawing, as some people do, into a closed world in order to protect ourselves against the unbearable onslaught.
    Ex: His sudden gust of audacity was quickly extinguished by her words and by her glance.
    Ex: Crimes against the person include homicide, rape, assault and robbery.
    Ex: The persistent 'U.S. bashing' that goes on here is, however, imprecise and tiresome after a while.
    Ex: Fueled by inspiration, coffee and Benzedrine, Kerouac sat down at his typewriter and -- in one burst of creative energy -- wrote the novel that would make him the voice of his generation in just 20 days.
    Ex: Cobbe was the primary target of John Ruskin's well-known fulmination against women who meddle with theology in his book 'Sesame and Lilies'.
    Ex: In fact it is an exaltation of the Kyoto protocol and a thinly disguised swipe at those countries who have not signed up.
    * ataque aéreo = raid, air raid, air strike, blitz.
    * ataque al corazón = heart attack.
    * ataque brutal = vicious attack, brutal attack.
    * ataque con mortero = mortar fire.
    * ataque contra la seguridad = security attack.
    * ataque de ansiedad = panic attack, anxiety attack.
    * ataque de asma = asthma attack.
    * ataque de cólera = fit of rage, fit of anger.
    * ataque de desarticulación = spoiling attack.
    * ataque de + Enfermedad = bout of + Enfermedad.
    * ataque de furia = fit of rage, fit of anger.
    * ataque de histeria = attack of hysterics.
    * ataque de nervios = nervous breakdown, attack of hysterics.
    * ataque de + Nombre = fit of + Nombre.
    * ataque de pánico = panic attack.
    * ataque de risa = fit of laughter.
    * ataque de tos = coughing fit.
    * ataque epiléptico = stroke, epileptic seizure, epileptic fit.
    * ataque epilético = seizure.
    * ataque matutino = dawn raid.
    * ataque nuclear = nuclear attack.
    * ataque por sorpresa = surprise attack.
    * ataque preventivo = preemptive strike.
    * ataque relámpago = hit-and-run attack.
    * ataques = slings and arrows.
    * ataques de = fevers of, fevers of.
    * ataques de cólera = flaming.
    * ataque siquiátrico = psychiatric episode.
    * ataque sorpresa = surprise attack, sneak attack.
    * ataque terrorista = terror attack.
    * ataque violento = paroxysm.
    * ataque virulento = blistering attack.
    * ciberataque = cyberattack.
    * dar un ataque de nervios = have + an attack of hysterics.
    * defenderse de ataques = ward off + attacks.
    * el ataque es la mejor defensa = attack is the best form of defence.
    * liderar el ataque = lead + the charge.
    * preparar un ataque = mount + attack.
    * provocar un ataque = provoke + attack.
    * sobrevivir un ataque = survive + attack.
    * soportar un ataque = suffer + attack.
    * sufrir un ataque = be under attack, be under assault.
    * un ataque de = an access of, a shock of.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Dep, Mil) attack
    ataque aéreo air raid
    ataque por sorpresa surprise attack
    ataque en tres frentes three-pronged attack
    2 (verbal) attack
    la oposición lanzó un duro ataque contra el gobierno the opposition launched a sharp o fierce o harsh attack on the government
    interpretó mis críticas como un ataque personal she took my criticisms personally o as a personal attack
    B (acceso) fit
    un ataque de celos/ira a fit of jealousy/rage
    si la ves te va a dar un ataque de risa you'll die laughing if you see her ( colloq)
    le dio un ataque de llanto he burst into tears
    le va a dar un ataque cuando vea esto ( fam); he's going to have a fit when he sees this ( colloq)
    me dio un ataque de rabia al ver tanta injusticia it made me furious o I was enraged to see so much injustice
    Compuestos:
    ● ataque cardíaco or al corazón
    heart attack
    anxiety attack
    si ese ruido continúa me va a dar un ataque de nervios if that noise carries on I'm going to have a fit
    me da un ataque de nervios cada vez que tengo que hablar en público each time I have to speak in public, I get into a panic
    panic attack
    * * *

    Del verbo atacar: ( conjugate atacar)

    ataqué es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    ataque es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    atacar    
    ataque
    atacar ( conjugate atacar) verbo transitivo
    to attack
    ataque sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (Dep, Mil) attack;



    2 (Med) attack;

    ataque al corazón heart attack;
    ataque epiléptico epileptic fit;
    me dio un ataque de nervios I got into a panic;
    un ataque de risa a fit of hysterics
    atacar verbo transitivo to attack, assault
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar atacar los nervios, to lose one's cool
    ataque sustantivo masculino
    1 attack, assault
    ataque aéreo, air raid
    2 Med fit
    ataque al corazón, heart attack
    ataque de nervios/risa, fit of hysterics/laughter
    ' ataque' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acceso
    - acometida
    - borde
    - cardiaca
    - cardíaca
    - cardiaco
    - cardíaco
    - crisis
    - dar
    - entrar
    - golpe
    - histeria
    - inicial
    - lanzarse
    - nervio
    - novilunio
    - patatús
    - repeler
    - resistir
    - simular
    - arrollador
    - asalto
    - atentado
    - crítica
    - demoledor
    - despiadado
    - emprender
    - enérgico
    - feroz
    - frontal
    - lanzar
    - rechazar
    - refugiar
    - refugio
    - renovar
    - salvaje
    - simulacro
    - soponcio
    - sorpresa
    English:
    access
    - aim
    - air raid
    - appendicitis
    - assault
    - attack
    - barrage
    - blitz
    - bomb
    - bout
    - charge
    - crack up
    - destroy
    - DT
    - DTs
    - fend off
    - fierce
    - fit
    - full-scale
    - go
    - hysterics
    - jealousy
    - laughter
    - lay
    - lightning
    - on
    - onslaught
    - outburst
    - repel
    - savage
    - seizure
    - send
    - spearhead
    - stave off
    - stem
    - strike
    - throw
    - turn
    - unprovoked
    - verge
    - ward off
    - air
    - amok
    - bilious
    - crack
    - drive
    - have
    - heart
    - involvement
    - offense
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [acometida] attack;
    ¡al ataque! charge!
    ataque aéreo [sobre ciudad] air raid; [sobre tropas] air attack; Bolsa ataque especulativo dawn raid;
    ataque preventivo pre-emptive strike
    2. Dep attack;
    una jugada de ataque an attack, an attacking move
    3. [crítica] attack;
    lanzó duros ataques contra el presidente she launched several harsh attacks on the president
    4. [acceso] fit;
    en un ataque de celos la mató he killed her in a fit of jealousy;
    Fam
    como no se calle me va a dar un ataque if he doesn't shut up I'm going to have a fit
    ataque cardíaco heart attack;
    ataque al corazón heart attack;
    ataque epiléptico epileptic fit;
    ataque de nervios attack of hysteria;
    ataque de pánico panic attack;
    ataque de risa: [m5] le dio un ataque de risa he had a fit of the giggles
    5. [de sustancia] corrosive effect
    * * *
    m
    1 ( agresión), DEP attack
    2 ( acceso) fit;
    le dio un ataque de risa she burst out laughing
    * * *
    ataque nm
    1) : attack, assault
    2) : fit
    ataque de risa: fit of laughter
    3)
    ataque de nervios : nervous breakdown
    4)
    ataque al corazón : heart attack
    * * *
    2. (de tos, risa, etc) fit

    Spanish-English dictionary > ataque

  • 8 Benz, Karl

    [br]
    b. 25 November 1844 Pfaffenrot, Black Forest, Germany
    d. 4 April 1929 Ladenburg, near Mannheim, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of one of the first motor cars.
    [br]
    The son of a railway mechanic, it is said that as a child one of his hobbies was the repair of Black Forest clocks. He trained as a mechanical engineer at the Karlsruhe Lyzeum and Polytechnikum under Ferdinand Redtenbacher (d. 1863), who pointed out to him the need for a more portable power source than the steam engine. He went to Maschinenbau Gesellschaft Karlsruhe for workshop experience and then joined Schweizer \& Cie, Mannheim, for two years. In 1868 he went to the Benkiser Brothers at Pforzheim. In 1871 he set up a small machine-tool works at Mannheim, but in 1877, in financial difficulties, he turned to the idea of an entirely new product based on the internal-combustion engine. At this time, N.A. Otto held the patent for the four-stroke internal-combustion engine, so Benz had to put his hopes on a two-stroke design. He avoided the trouble with Dugald Clerk's engine and designed one in which the fuel would not ignite in the pump and in which the cylinder was swept with fresh air between each two firing strokes. His first car had a sparking plug and coil ignition. By 1879 he had developed the engine to a stage where it would run satisfactorily with little attention. On 31 December 1879, with his wife Bertha working the treadle of her sewing machine to charge the batteries, he demonstrated his engine in street trials in Mannheim. In the summer of 1888, unknown to her husband, Bertha drove one of his cars the 80 km (50 miles) to Pforzheim and back with her two sons, aged 13 and 15. She and the elder boy pushed the car up hills while the younger one steered. They bought petrol from an apothecary in Wiesloch and had a brake block repaired in Bauschlott by the village cobbler. Karl Benz's comments on her return from this venture are not recorded! Financial problems prevented immediate commercial production of the automobile, but in 1882 Benz set up the Gasmotorenfabrik Mannheim. After trouble with some of his partners, he left in 1883 and formed a new company, Benz \& Cie, Rheinische Gasmotorenfabrik. Otto's patent was revoked in 1886 and in that year Benz patented a motor car with a gas engine drive. He manufactured a 0.8hp car, the engine running at 250 rpm with a horizontal flywheel, exhibited at the Paris Fair in 1889. He was not successful in finding anyone in France who would undertake manufacture. This first car was a three-wheeler, and soon after he produced a four-wheeled car, but he quarrelled with his co-directors, and although he left the board in 1902 he rejoined it soon after.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    St J.Nixon, 1936, The Invention of the Automobile. E.Diesel et al., 1960, From Engines to Autos. E.Johnson, 1986, The Dawn of Motoring.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Benz, Karl

  • 9 Hamilton, Harold Lee (Hal)

    [br]
    b. 14 June 1890 Little Shasta, California, USA
    d. 3 May 1969 California, USA
    [br]
    American pioneer of diesel rail traction.
    [br]
    Orphaned as a child, Hamilton went to work for Southern Pacific Railroad in his teens, and then worked for several other companies. In his spare time he learned mathematics and physics from a retired professor. In 1911 he joined the White Motor Company, makers of road motor vehicles in Denver, Colorado, where he had gone to recuperate from malaria. He remained there until 1922, apart from an eighteenth-month break for war service.
    Upon his return from war service, Hamilton found White selling petrol-engined railbuses with mechanical transmission, based on road vehicles, to railways. He noted that they were not robust enough and that the success of petrol railcars with electric transmission, built by General Electric since 1906, was limited as they were complex to drive and maintain. In 1922 Hamilton formed, and became President of, the Electro- Motive Engineering Corporation (later Electro-Motive Corporation) to design and produce petrol-electric rail cars. Needing an engine larger than those used in road vehicles, yet lighter and faster than marine engines, he approached the Win ton Engine Company to develop a suitable engine; in addition, General Electric provided electric transmission with a simplified control system. Using these components, Hamilton arranged for his petrol-electric railcars to be built by the St Louis Car Company, with the first being completed in 1924. It was the beginning of a highly successful series. Fuel costs were lower than for steam trains and initial costs were kept down by using standardized vehicles instead of designing for individual railways. Maintenance costs were minimized because Electro-Motive kept stocks of spare parts and supplied replacement units when necessary. As more powerful, 800 hp (600 kW) railcars were produced, railways tended to use them to haul trailer vehicles, although that practice reduced the fuel saving. By the end of the decade Electro-Motive needed engines more powerful still and therefore had to use cheap fuel. Diesel engines of the period, such as those that Winton had made for some years, were too heavy in relation to their power, and too slow and sluggish for rail use. Their fuel-injection system was erratic and insufficiently robust and Hamilton concluded that a separate injector was needed for each cylinder.
    In 1930 Electro-Motive Corporation and Winton were acquired by General Motors in pursuance of their aim to develop a diesel engine suitable for rail traction, with the use of unit fuel injectors; Hamilton retained his position as President. At this time, industrial depression had combined with road and air competition to undermine railway-passenger business, and Ralph Budd, President of the Chicago, Burlington \& Quincy Railroad, thought that traffic could be recovered by way of high-speed, luxury motor trains; hence the Pioneer Zephyr was built for the Burlington. This comprised a 600 hp (450 kW), lightweight, two-stroke, diesel engine developed by General Motors (model 201 A), with electric transmission, that powered a streamlined train of three articulated coaches. This train demonstrated its powers on 26 May 1934 by running non-stop from Denver to Chicago, a distance of 1,015 miles (1,635 km), in 13 hours and 6 minutes, when the fastest steam schedule was 26 hours. Hamilton and Budd were among those on board the train, and it ushered in an era of high-speed diesel trains in the USA. By then Hamilton, with General Motors backing, was planning to use the lightweight engine to power diesel-electric locomotives. Their layout was derived not from steam locomotives, but from the standard American boxcar. The power plant was mounted within the body and powered the bogies, and driver's cabs were at each end. Two 900 hp (670 kW) engines were mounted in a single car to become an 1,800 hp (l,340 kW) locomotive, which could be operated in multiple by a single driver to form a 3,600 hp (2,680 kW) locomotive. To keep costs down, standard locomotives could be mass-produced rather than needing individual designs for each railway, as with steam locomotives. Two units of this type were completed in 1935 and sent on trial throughout much of the USA. They were able to match steam locomotive performance, with considerable economies: fuel costs alone were halved and there was much less wear on the track. In the same year, Electro-Motive began manufacturing diesel-electrie locomotives at La Grange, Illinois, with design modifications: the driver was placed high up above a projecting nose, which improved visibility and provided protection in the event of collision on unguarded level crossings; six-wheeled bogies were introduced, to reduce axle loading and improve stability. The first production passenger locomotives emerged from La Grange in 1937, and by early 1939 seventy units were in service. Meanwhile, improved engines had been developed and were being made at La Grange, and late in 1939 a prototype, four-unit, 5,400 hp (4,000 kW) diesel-electric locomotive for freight trains was produced and sent out on test from coast to coast; production versions appeared late in 1940. After an interval from 1941 to 1943, when Electro-Motive produced diesel engines for military and naval use, locomotive production resumed in quantity in 1944, and within a few years diesel power replaced steam on most railways in the USA.
    Hal Hamilton remained President of Electro-Motive Corporation until 1942, when it became a division of General Motors, of which he became Vice-President.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    P.M.Reck, 1948, On Time: The History of the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors Corporation, La Grange, Ill.: General Motors (describes Hamilton's career).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Hamilton, Harold Lee (Hal)

  • 10 прямая

    воздушный винт прямой тяги
    direct drive propeller
    высота разворота на посадочную прямую
    final approach altitude
    выходить на посадочную прямую
    1. enter the final approach track
    2. roll into final дальность видимости по наклонной прямой
    oblique visibility
    дальность видимости по прямой
    1. line-of-sight range
    2. line-of-sight distance дальность полета по прямой
    direct range
    заход на посадку не с прямой
    nonstraight-in approach
    заход на посадку по прямому курсу
    front course approach
    заход на посадку с прямой
    straight-in approach
    заход на посадку с прямой по приборам
    straight-in ILS-type approach
    зона прямого транзита
    direct transit area
    канал прямой радиолокационной связи
    direct access radar channel
    конечная прямая захода на посадку
    approach final
    конечный удлиненный заход на посадку с прямой
    long final straight-in-approach operation
    крыло прямой стреловидности
    sweptback wing
    летать по прямой
    fly straight
    метод прямой коммутации
    switch-through technique
    отклонение от прямого пути
    obliquity
    перекладка реверса на прямую тягу
    thrust reverser stowage
    переключать на прямую тягу
    return to forward thrust
    полеты по прямому лучу
    front beam flying
    полная прямая тяга
    full forward thrust
    посадка с прямой
    straight-in landing
    посадочная прямая
    1. final approach track
    2. final leg при прямом ходе
    on impact
    прямая связь между пунктами
    direct point-to-point connection
    прямая стреловидность крыла
    sweepback
    прямая тяга
    forward thrust
    прямая тяга на режиме малого газа
    forward idle thrust
    прямое воздушное сообщение
    through air service
    прямой ввод
    shorted input
    прямой доступ
    direct access
    прямой луч курсового маяка
    localizer front beam
    прямой маршрут
    direct route
    прямой отсчет
    clockwise readings
    прямой рейс
    direct flight
    прямой стреловидности
    swept-back
    (о крыле) прямой транзит
    direct transit
    прямой ход
    impact stroke
    (амортстойки шасси) прямой ход амортизатора
    shock strut impact travel
    прямые обязанности экипажа
    crew regular duty
    прямые расходы на техническое обслуживание
    direct maintenance costs
    прямые эксплуатационные расходы
    direct operating costs
    разворот на посадочную прямую
    1. turn to final
    2. final turn разрешение на заход на посадку с прямой
    clearance for straight-in approach
    сеть прямой речевой связи
    direct speech network
    система приемоответчика прямого адресования
    direct-address transponder system
    соглашение о прямом транзите
    direct transit arrangement
    соглашение по прямому транзиту
    direct transit agreement
    стартер прямого запуска
    direct-cranking starter
    тариф прямого маршрута
    direct fare
    траектория захода на посадку с прямой
    straight-in approach path
    угол прямой стреловидности
    sweepback angle
    цепь прямой речевой связи
    direct speech circuit

    Русско-английский авиационный словарь > прямая

  • 11 прямой

    воздушный винт прямой тяги
    direct drive propeller
    высота разворота на посадочную прямую
    final approach altitude
    выходить на посадочную прямую
    1. enter the final approach track
    2. roll into final дальность видимости по наклонной прямой
    oblique visibility
    дальность видимости по прямой
    1. line-of-sight range
    2. line-of-sight distance дальность полета по прямой
    direct range
    заход на посадку не с прямой
    nonstraight-in approach
    заход на посадку по прямому курсу
    front course approach
    заход на посадку с прямой
    straight-in approach
    заход на посадку с прямой по приборам
    straight-in ILS-type approach
    зона прямого транзита
    direct transit area
    канал прямой радиолокационной связи
    direct access radar channel
    конечная прямая захода на посадку
    approach final
    конечный удлиненный заход на посадку с прямой
    long final straight-in-approach operation
    крыло прямой стреловидности
    sweptback wing
    летать по прямой
    fly straight
    метод прямой коммутации
    switch-through technique
    отклонение от прямого пути
    obliquity
    перекладка реверса на прямую тягу
    thrust reverser stowage
    переключать на прямую тягу
    return to forward thrust
    полеты по прямому лучу
    front beam flying
    полная прямая тяга
    full forward thrust
    посадка с прямой
    straight-in landing
    посадочная прямая
    1. final approach track
    2. final leg при прямом ходе
    on impact
    прямая связь между пунктами
    direct point-to-point connection
    прямая стреловидность крыла
    sweepback
    прямая тяга
    forward thrust
    прямая тяга на режиме малого газа
    forward idle thrust
    прямое воздушное сообщение
    through air service
    прямой ввод
    shorted input
    прямой доступ
    direct access
    прямой луч курсового маяка
    localizer front beam
    прямой маршрут
    direct route
    прямой отсчет
    clockwise readings
    прямой рейс
    direct flight
    прямой стреловидности
    swept-back
    (о крыле) прямой транзит
    direct transit
    прямой ход
    impact stroke
    (амортстойки шасси) прямой ход амортизатора
    shock strut impact travel
    прямые обязанности экипажа
    crew regular duty
    прямые расходы на техническое обслуживание
    direct maintenance costs
    прямые эксплуатационные расходы
    direct operating costs
    разворот на посадочную прямую
    1. turn to final
    2. final turn разрешение на заход на посадку с прямой
    clearance for straight-in approach
    сеть прямой речевой связи
    direct speech network
    система приемоответчика прямого адресования
    direct-address transponder system
    соглашение о прямом транзите
    direct transit arrangement
    соглашение по прямому транзиту
    direct transit agreement
    стартер прямого запуска
    direct-cranking starter
    тариф прямого маршрута
    direct fare
    траектория захода на посадку с прямой
    straight-in approach path
    угол прямой стреловидности
    sweepback angle
    цепь прямой речевой связи
    direct speech circuit

    Русско-английский авиационный словарь > прямой

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